TELECOMMUNICATION and MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES: All Generation

1 G ( First Generation )

Started in 1980.

Features of 1 G:-

Analog in nature
Only FM ( Frequency Multiplexing), FDMA ( Frequency Division Multiple Access), FDD ( Frequency Division Duplexing ).
Only work on Frequency
Voice only ( no Data Transfer and no SMS )
Limited Regional Scope
No international roaming
All the Technologies where incompatible with each other.
Example of 1 G --

AMPS ( US),
TACS ( UK), ETACS ( UK),
NMPT- 450 ( Europe), NMPT- 900 ( Europe),
Radicomm-2000 ( France) ,
NETZ (Germany )

Disadvantages of 1 G:-

Low capacity
No security
Costly services
Large handsets
High power consumption
Poor hands off / hand over
Poor voice quality
Inefficient spectrum utilization

2 G ( Second Generation)

2nd generation Digital Cellular System Standard

NOTE:- In India, we started from here . India adopt 2 G ( GSM ) as in 1992
GSM used GMSK ( Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying ) Modulation

Features of 2 G:-

All the Technologies were Digital in nature.
Support voice + data
Concept of SMS and Fax was introduce
All the 2 G Technologies were compatible with fixed Digital Line Network like ISDN, Internet, PLMN.
It provide international roaming
Better voice quality
Low power consumption
It is classified in 2 sub-categories - TDMA & CDMA

TDMA example - GSM, PDC ( Japan), IS-136

CDMA example - IS-95

Advantages of 2 G:-

Advantage of Digital over Analog like easy to multiplex, easy to Encrypt, more data security, less expensive compare to 1 G, more reliable.
Digital signal can be transmitted over long distance without distortion.
Better spectrum utilization
Smaller handsets
Low power consumption

Disadvantages of 2 G:-

Low speed Data transmission
GSM speed ( 9.6 Kbps to 14.4 Kbps)
No support for packet data transfer
Semi global roaming
Lots of Network equipment / elements
Long call setup time
Expensive services as compared to 2.5 G.

2.5 G

started in late 1990's

These are 2 G system that have incorporated Packet Switching and Circuit Switching.

Features of 2.5 G:-

High data rate
Global Roaming
Internet, Radio, Email, other multimedia services introduced.
Example - Data rate of GPRS - 115Kbps & HSCSD - 57.6 Kbps
It allows existing 2 G network equipment to be modified by new base station addons.
Subscriber unit ( mobile) was also upgraded at software level to support high data rate .
It can support high speed application like Emails, Multimedia services, web browsering etc.

2.5 G is sub divided in two parts :- 1. HSCSD & 2. GPRS

HSCSD

( HIGH SPEED CIRCUIT SWITCH DATA)

It is a part of 2.5 G.
GSM gives a data rate of 9.6 Kbps to 14.4 Kbps by using 1 Time Slot but HSCSD give 4 Time Slot per user. Hence Data Rate increases to 4* 14.4 Kbps = 57.6 Kbps.
Minimum network change required.

Disadvantage of HSCSD:-

Based on Circuit Switching which inefficient for Packet Data Transfer.

GPRS

( GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICES)

Features of GPRS:-

Totally based on Packet switching.
Non - voice
Value added
High speed
Packet swtching
Data rate is 115 Kbps
GPRS reserve radio resource only when there is data to be transferred or received . Thus Providing efficient resource utilization.
It allows sending & receiving small burst of data like Email as well as large files over PLMN( Public Landline Mobile Network).

Advantages of GPRS:-

High data rate ( 3 to 8 times higher speed than GSM).
Instant connection to internet and service access any time any where.

Disadvantages of GPRS:-

Much low speed in reality
No support for MTC ( Mobile Terminated Call)
Sub- optimal ( GMSK) modulation was used ( GMSK - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying ) Modulation)
High transit delay ( Propagation delay )
No store and forward technique is used.

2.75 G( EDGE)

Enhance Data Rate for GSM Evolution

EDGE was introduced.
High data rate 384 Kbps
In it 8 PSK modulation scheme is used
Multiple coding schemes are used ( MSC-1 to MSC-9).

3 G WCDMA/ UMTS

(WIDE BAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS /

UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOM SERVICES)

3G is merger of-

(Telecom Services) + (Data communication services) + (Multimedia Services)

It’s a Next Generation Technology that support greater Band Width & better service capability

Features of 3G:-

Data rate up to 2Mbps
Better spectrum utilization
Mechanism to support Bandwidth on demand & variable bit rate services
Support for services with different QoS ( Quality of Services) requirement
Support for Real Time and Non Real Time Data Transfer
BER (Bit Error Rate) is less than 10^-6.
Simultaneously co-existing with 2G network
Intra System Hand Over
High Spectrum Efficiency

3.5 G (HSDPA / HSUPA)
(HIGH SPEED DOWN-LINK PACKET ACCESS /

HIGH SPEED UP-LINK PACKET ACCESS)

HSDPA	HSUPA
HIGH SPEED DOWN-LINK PACKET ACCESS	HIGH SPEED UP-LINK PACKET ACCESS
DATA RATE UP TO 10 to 14 Mbps	DATA RATE UP TO 5 Mbps

Higher Modulation Schemes are used like 16 QAM ( Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

3.75G (HSPA+)

(HIGH SPEED PACKET ACCESS ADVANCE)

Data rate up to 50 Mbps
High speed achieve through MIMO (Multi Input Multi Output ) ( This is an Antenna solution).

3.9 G

(LTE / SAE)

(LONG TERM EVOLUTION /

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE EVOLUTION)

Disadvantage of 3 G:-

Low data rate for high speed application like multimedia , video etc.
Very costly services
High transit delay i.e. latency greater than 100 ms
Now a days consumer wants high speed ( up to 100 Mbps) at a low cost
Today it is desired to migrate from circuit switched voice to packet data infrastructure, so as to reduce the cost of maintaing two different network
Not optimized for real time application & IP based multimedia services.

4 G ( LTE ADVANCE)

(LONG TERM EVOLUTION ADVANCE)

4 G is also a merger of -

(Telecom Services)

Its is based on OFDMA ( Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing Access) modulation.
High speed data
Parallel send and receive data ( this is a feature of OFDM and all other technologies based on serially send and receive of data )
It use multiple antenna technique
Packet oriented network design based on IP ( Internet Protocol ) / VoIP( Voice over Internet Protocol)

Features of 4G:-

High data rate ( Downlink data rate is greater than 100 Mbps and Uplink data rate is greater than 50 Mbps)
Low latency ( less than 50 ms)
Better spectrum utilization
Low cost
Inter-working with other 3G System i.e. Backward Compatible
Less network nodes so less complex network and less expensive
Reduced cost per bit ( to send a bit from A to B is reduced)
Advance services and better user experiences.

Graph of 4 G Technologies:-

1. 3GPP --> UMTS --> HSDPA/ HSUPA --> LTE

2. 3GPP2 --> CDMA- 2000 --> EV-DO --> XUMB

3. WiMax --> 802.16 (fixed) --> 802.16e

4. WLAN --> 802.11 --> 802.11 b/g --> 802.11n

Note :- All bold are 4 G technologies.

All Generation Handsets

Varies Releases

R99 - Release 99 - in it data rate is 2 Mbps & but practical value is 384 Kbps
R4 - Release 4 - separate Circuit Switch & Packet Switch domain & introduction to IP ( Internet Protocol) ( IPv4 & IPv6)
R 5- introduction to HSDPA & Multimedia subsystem completed
R6 - introduction to HSUPA & data rate increases & Multimedia broadcast multicast services ( MBMS) introduced
R7 - HSPA+ was introduced , High modulation schemes were introduced & MIMO concept was introduced
R8 - LTE Released & Home-eNodeB concept was introduced
R10 - LTE Advance was introduce.

Thursday, 26 June 2014

All Generation